Check Settings, Accounts and see if the word "Verify" shows up. If it does, you still need to verify your identity on your Surface, even though you are signed in.
Right-click OneDrive icon near bottom-right of taskbar. Choose "Quit OneDrive". Wait 20 seconds after OneDrive quits. Then Start OneDrive (From the Cortana search box).
Tried several times - no luck.
But here's something interesting.....I have a Surface Pro (2017) that just started Photos connection to OneDrive. Would not connect until 22 days ago (according to the screen). Now it won't Refresh even though I've added many pictures.
Just got a Surface Go. That is the one that will not connect to OneDrive now. I don't think this problem is related to the Go because of the experience with the Pro.